《外科学总论》课件--CANCER.pptx

2023/2/7CANCER —Principles Practice of Oncology 2023/2/7 2023/2/7 2023/2/7Neoplasms (Tumor, Mass) An altered cell population characterized by an excessive, nonuseful proliferation of cells that have become unresponsive to normal control mechanisms and to the organizing influences of adjacent tissues. 2023/2/7Classification of NeoplasmsBenign tumorMalignant tumor (Cancer) CarcinomaSarcomaBordering tumor 2023/2/7 2023/2/7Etiology of Cancer —CarcinogenesisViruses (DNA and RNA Viruses)Chemical FactorsPhysical FactorsHormonal FactorsDiet and Energy IntakeCancer Genetics (Hereditary factors) 2023/2/7Cancer GenesOncogenes A normal regulatory gene whose product usually promotes cell growth and proliferation Tumor Suppressor GenesThe genes which are inactivated to produce a tumorigeneic effect or are said to “loss of function” 2023/2/7Function of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes Signal Transduction (ras) Extracellular Growth Factors (Sis) Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RET) Nuclear Proteins and Transcription factors (jun, BRCA1,2, myc, myb) Cell Cycle/DNA Damage Response (p53, RB, hMSH, MDM-2) 2023/2/7 2023/2/7Oncogene, proto-oncogeneras, myc, erb2, src, c-fos, c-jun etc.Tumor suppress geneRB, p53, APC, WT1 etc. DNA damage and repair related genehMSH2, hMLH1, PMS1, PMS2Cancer Related Genes 2023/2/7Tissue Cell No. = Cell Proliferation - Cell DeathOncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes Apoptosis Gene and Anti-apoptosis Gene 2023/2/7Normal mucosaI CarcinomaMetastasisAPCK-rasDCCP53nm23?Othersmethylation5qmutation.deletion 12pmutation18qmutation?deletion17pmutation.deletionIIIIIIVAdenomaMCChMSH2hMLH1hPMS1hPMS2ACFCOX-2SNC6，SNC73SNC19，maspin，osteo 2023/2/7The Kinetics of TumorTumors are heterogenousThree fractions of Malignant cellApoptosisThe cell cycleGrowth pattern 2023/2/7The Kinetics of TumorTumors are heterogenousMalignant cellsExtracellular MatrixFibrous tissueFibroblastsMacrophagesLymphocytesLeucocytesBlood vessels 2023/2/7The Kinetics of TumorMalignant cell are in 3