国际经济学：理论与政策（第十一版）保罗·R.克鲁格曼-C06_Krugman_11e.pptxVIP

International Economics: Theory and PolicyEleventh EditionChapter 6The Standard Trade ModelCopyright ? 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (1 of 2)6.1 Understand how the components of the standard trade model, production possibilities frontiers, isovalue lines, and indifference curves fit together to illustrate how trade patterns are established by a combination of supply-side and demand-side factors.6.2 Recognize how changes in the terms of trade and economic growth affect the welfare of nations engaged in international trade. Learning Objectives (2 of 2)6.3 Understand the effects of tariffs and subsidies on trade patterns and the welfare of trading nations and on the distribution of income within countries.6.4 Relate international borrowing and lending to the standard trade model, where goods are exchanged over time. PreviewRelative supply and relative demandThe terms of trade and welfareEffects of economic growth, import tariffs, and export subsidiesInternational borrowing and lending Introduction (1 of 2)Standard trade model is a general model that includes Ricardian, specific factors, and Heckscher-Ohlin models as special cases.Two goods, food (F) and cloth (C).Each country’s PPF is a smooth curve. Introduction (2 of 2)Differences in labor services, labor skills, physical capital, land, and technology between countries cause differences in production possibility frontiers.A country’s PPF determines its relative supply function.National relative supply functions determine a world relative supply function, which along with world relative demand determines the equilibrium under international trade. Production Possibilities and Relative Supply (1 of 2)What a country produces depends on the relative price ofcloth to foodAn economy chooses its production of cloth QC and food QF to maximize the value of its outputgiven the prices of cloth and food.The slope of an isovalue line equalsProduce at point where PPF is tangent to