Imaging was performed using highspeed 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV)分析和总结分析和总结.docxVIP

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Imaging was performed using highspeed 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV)分析和总结分析和总结.docx

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Simulation models for a variety of new water heater systems were developed and the models were integrated into a city-level residential energy end-use model for Osaka City. Using the model, the potential of energy conservation and2 CeOmission-reduction by introducing new residential water heaters was evaluated at the city-level. Optimal water-heating systems for each household category for primary energy reduction, C2Oemission-reduction, or cost reduction were identified by applying the end-use demand model. The effect of subsidies for installing more efficient systems and the influence of diffusion of these systems on electricity load curves were also discussed. Article Outline Introduction Simulation model City-level residential energy end-use model 2.2.Simulation of hot water demand 2.3.Simulation models for water heaters 2.3.1.Conventional water heaters 2.3.2.Waste heat recovery condensing gas water heater (LHB) 2.3.3.Heat pump electric water heater (CO2HP) Solar water heater (SOLAR) Micro gas engine cogeneration system (MGE) Polymer electrolyte fuel cell cogeneration system (PEFC) 2.3.7.Solid oxide fuel cell cogeneration system (SOFC) Evaluation indicators of water heaters 3.1.Primary energy consumption CO 2 emissions Cost Result Selection of an optimum water heater for saving energy within each household category 4.2.Selection of an optimum water heater for each household category Proportion of water heaters in Osaka city City-scale evaluation of the distribution of water heaters 4.4.1.Total energy-savings and CO2 emission-reduction in Osaka city Administrative cost associated with the introduction2 opftiCmOum systems Influence on electricity load curve Conclusion Acknowledgements References This study is an experimental investigation of rare misfire and partial burn cycles in a spray-guided spark-ignited direct-injection optical engine. Spark discharge energy, discharge duration, flame imaging, velocity and equivalence ratio were measured every crank angle