马克·凯什岚斯基-西方文明史（第五版）第九章 The Period of Modern Europe.pptxVIP

CHAPTER 9the PERIOD OF MODERN EUROPEECONOMIC LIFESOCIAL LIFETHE ROYAL STATETHE ENGLISH REVOLUTIONSCIENCE AND COMMERCE i. ECONOMIC LIFERural lifeTown lifeEconomic change II. SOCIAL LIFESocial structureSocial change Social structureThe basic assumption of sixteenth-century European society was inequality. The group, rather than the individual, was the predominant unit in society. The first level of the social order was the family and the household, then came the village or town community, and finally the gradations of ranks and orders of society at large. Each group had its own place in the social order, and each performed its own essential function. Society was the sum of its parts. III. THE ROYAL STATEThe royal state in the seventeenth centuryDivine kingsMonarchy and lawthe nature of absolute monarchy THE RISE OF THE ROYAL STATEThe wars that dominated the early part of the seventeenth century had a profound impact on the western European states. Not only did they cause terrible suffering and deprivation, but they also demanded efficient and better- centralized states to conduct them. War was both a product of the European state system and a cause of its continued development. As armies grew in size, their material needs grew in volume. As the battlefield spread from state to state, defense became government’s most important function. More and more power was absorbed by the monarch and his chief advisers; more and more of the traditional privileges of aristocracy and of towns were eroded. At the center of these rising states, particularly in western Europe, were the king and his court. In the provinces were tax collectors and military recruiters. Divine KingsDivine right of kings, in European history, a political doctrine in defense of monarchical?absolutism, which asserted that kings derived their?authority?from God and could not therefore be held accountable for their actions by any earthly authority such as a?parliament. Originating in Europe, the divine-ri