帕梅拉-欣德勒-管理研究方法（英文版·第13版）Schindler_CH_10_Accessible.pptxVIP

Business Research MethodsThirteenth EditionPamela S. SchindlerChapter 10STAGE 2: MEASUREMENT FOUNDATIONS?2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Learning ObjectivesUnderstand . . .The distinction between measuring objects, properties, and indicants of properties. The similarities and differences between the four scale types used in measurement and when each is used.The four major sources of measurement error. The criteria for evaluating good measurement. Research Thought Leader“Absolute figures in a connected world dont give us a whole picture. They are not as true as they could be. We need relative figures that are connected to other data, that can lead us to change our perspective.”David McCandless authorKnowledge Is Beautiful: Impossible Ideas, InvisiblePatterns, Hidden Connections—Visualized Review of TermsConceptConstructVariableOperational Definition MeasurementSelect measurable phenomenaDevelop a set of mapping rulesApply the mapping rule to each phenomenon Characteristics of MeasurementJump to long description Types of ScalesNominalOrdinalIntervalRatio Levels of Measurement (1 of 4)NominalClassificationOrdinalIntervalRatio Levels of Measurement (2 of 4)NominalClassificationOrdinalClassificationOrderintervalRatio Levels of Measurement (3 of 4)NominalClassificationOrdinalClassificationOrderIntervalClassificationDistanceOrderRatio Levels of Measurement (4 of 4)NominalClassificationOrdinalClassificationOrderIntervalClassificationDistanceOrderRatioClassificationDistanceOrderNatural Origin Nominal ScalesMutually ExclusiveCollectively Exhaustive CategoriesClassification Only Mapping RulesReligious Preferences: Mapping Rule AReligious Preferences: Mapping Rule B1 = Baptist1 = Christian2 = Catholic2 = Muslim3 = Protestant3 = Hindu4 = Scientology4 = Buddhist5 = Unitarian-Universalist5 = Jewish6 =