乔纳森·格鲁伯-财政学（第五版）gruber_5e_lecture_slides_ch11.pptxVIP

Copyright ? 2010 Worth Publishers 11Heather Luea and Dan SacksP R E P A R E D B Y11.1 Why Should the Government Be Involved in Education?11.2 How Is the Government Involved in Education?11.3 Evidence on Competition in Education Markets11.4 Measuring the Returns to Education11.5 The Role of the Government in Higher Education11.6 ConclusionEducation 11Education is a hotly debated topic in public policy.Education is the single largest expenditure item for state and local governments.The United States spends more on education than most countries……but lags behind leading countries, and even much less wealthy ones, on standardized test scores.Education 11EducationThe United States spends more money per pupil than nearly every country on Earth, but its educational outcomes are only average. 11.1There are a number of public benefits (positive externalities) to education that might justify a government role in its provision.ProductivitySociety can benefit from the higher standard of living that comes with increased productivity. CitizenshipEducation may make citizens more informed and active voters, improving the quality of the democratic process.Why Should the Government Be Involved in Education? 11.1Educational credit market failure: The failure of the credit market to make loans that would raise total social surplus by financing productive education.Without public education, many families would borrow money for their children’s education.This market likely would not function well.Why Should the Government Be Involved in Education? 11.1Failure to maximize family utilityParents may not choose an appropriate level of education for their children. RedistributionAs long as education is a normal good, higher-income families would provide more education.Income mobility has long been a stated goal for most democratic societies, and public education supports this goal.Why Should the Government Be Involved in Education? 11.2Most public education is provided through free public