乔纳森·格鲁伯-财政学（第五版）gruber_5e_lecture_slides_ch09.pptxVIP

Copyright ? 2010 Worth Publishers 9Heather Luea and Dan SacksP R E P A R E D B Y9.1 Unanimous Consent on Public Goods Levels9.2 Mechanisms for Aggregating Individual Preferences9.3 Representative Democracy9.4 Public Choice Theory: The Foundations of Government Failure9.5 ConclusionPolitical Economy 9Political EconomyWhy do governments do what they do? Different ways of organizing government produce different results.Ideal case: Government measures preferences and acts accordingly.Direct democracy: Voters directly cast ballots in favor of or in opposition to particular public projects.Representative democracy: Voters elect representatives who decide on public projects. 9.1Lindahl pricing: An approach to financing public goods in which individuals honestly reveal their willingness to pay, and the government charges them that amount to finance the public good.Getting individuals to reveal their true marginal willingness to payAggregating these values to ensure the social benefits exceed total costCharging each individual according to his or her willingness to payUnanimous Consent on Public Goods Levels 9.1Lindahl’s procedure operates as follows:Announce tax prices for the public good.Everyone says how much of the public good they want at those tax prices.Repeat to construct a marginal willingness to pay schedule for each individual.Lindahl Pricing 9.1Recall that efficient provision requires that (Total marginal willingness to pay) = MC.4. Add up individual willingnesses to pay at each quantity of public good provided.5. Find Q such that total (Total marginal willingness to pay) = MC.6. Finance the public good by charging individuals their willingnesses to pay for that quantity.Lindahl Pricing Ava’s marginal willingness to payFireworks0Jack’s marginal willingness to payAva Jack’s willingness to payFireworksFireworks00Demand, DADJDA+JMarginal Cost, MC1.002.003.00$4.002550751002550751002550751000.751.502.25$3.000.250.500.75$1.00Lindahl Pricing: Graphical Representatio