认知心理学14的学习教案.pptxVIP

认知心理学14的学习教案第1页/共24页 个别差异和性别差异认知活动可能不总是所有人以相同的方式进行的。生活中的人们完成认知活动可能有不同的方式，这些不同有多方面的来源。特别值得重视的是认知能力、认知风格、专家化、成长等方面产生的个别差异。第2页/共24页 认知的个别差异能力的差异（Ability Differences）个体显然有不同的认知能力，尤其是在心理速度、储存容量和注意广度方面。有些心理学家将上述认知能力等同于智力，一些心理学家则认为认知能力是智力的一个组成部分，还有一些心理学家则认为没有什么独立存在的智力。第3页/共24页 认知能力各个方面Verbal comprehension (understand words, sentences, paragraphs)Sensitivity to problems (suggest ways to solve problems)Syllogistic reasoning (draw conclusions from premises)Number facility (compute arithmetic operations)Induction (indicate a principle of relations)General reasoning (find solutions for algebraic problems)Associative memory (recall associated element when given another element)Span memory (immediately recall a set of elements after one presentation)第4页/共24页 认知能力各个方面Associational fluency (produce words similar in meaning to a given word)Expressional fluency (produce different ways of saying the same thing)Spontaneous flexibility (produce diverse functions and classifications for an object)Perceptual speed (find instances of a pattern under speeded conditions)Visualization (mentally manipulate forms to visualize how they would look)Spatial orientation (visually imagine parts out of place and put them in place)Length estimation (estimate lengths or distances between points) 第5页/共24页 Gardners list of types of human intelligenceMusical intelligence: the type of ability displayed by gifted musicians or child prodigiesBodily-kinesthetic intelligence: the type of ability shown by gifted athletes, dancers, or surgeons, who have great control over body movementsLogical-mathematical intelligence: the type of ability displayed by superior scientists and logical problem solversLinguistic intelligence: the type of ability shown by great writers or poets who can express themselves verbally第6页/共24页 Gardners list of types of human intelligenceSpatial intelligence: the type of ability shown by those with superior navigation skills or an ability to visualize spatial scenesInterpersonal intelligenc