托福综合写作讲义.ppt

TOEFL iBT Integrated Writing By Joe 考什么 1. note taking 2. summarizing 3. paraphrasing Reading Lecture 1.1 L完全反对R中的结论、观点； 1. 2 L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之处等； 2. 延续 1. 驳斥 2.1 L支持R结论、观点； 2. 2 L解释R中的原因、结果等； Reading 读什么 Mean idea Explanation Lecture 听什么 Mean idea Explanation Detail Examples The more specific, the better The structure of BODY 一一对应、逐个反驳 正反结构、简单明了 A. 结构 1. 一一对应、逐个反驳 Paragraph 1: Although the reading provides a few examples of altruistic behavior naturally found in both human and meerkats, the lecture easily refutes the claims of the reading with the help of some scientific research. 1. 一一对应、逐个反驳 Paragraph 2: The reading first claims that… The author believes that…as well. In addition, the reading support … 1. 一一对应、逐个反驳 Paragraph 3: On the contrary, the lecture refutes by citing several key scientific findings. Firstly… Besides… Furthermore/finally… Conclusion Evidence 1 Evidence 3 Evidence 2 Supporting example Supporting example Supporting example ... ... ... Conclusion Evidence 1 Evidence 3 Evidence 2 Supporting example Supporting example Supporting example ... ... ... Reading Listening 2. 正反结构、简单明了 Paragraph 2: The reading first claims that… However, the lecture refutes by citing the scientific finding that… 2. 正反结构、简单明了 Paragraph 3: In addition, the lecturer argue against the reading passage’s second point by saying that… 2. 正反结构、简单明了 Paragraph 4: The reading claims that… as well. Again, this theory is refuted by the professor in the lecture by pointing out that… Conclusion Evidence 1 Evidence 3 Evidence 2 Supporting example Supporting example Supporting example ... ... ... Conclusion Evidence 1 Evidence 3 Evidence 2 Supporting example Supporting example Supporting example ... ... ... Reading Listening 讲话人 Lecturer, speaker, professor 2. 文章作者 Writer, author B. 语言 陈述、认为 State/ indicate/ believe/suggest/discuss/ talk about/present/make the point that/ say/demonstrate/illustrate/point out/ investigate/claim/ maintain/ B. 语言 驳斥、反对 re