商务英语作业.docx

Questions How do we realize the relationship between NPM and public policy? Public policy is a very important part of the NPM process.Pubic management was generally regarded as a process through which policies were formulated ,resources allocated , and programs implemented . What do you think of the NPM literature? The NPM literature as a whole is amorphous , as might be expected of an interdisciplinary , policy-oriented field . We can divide the NPM literature into two main branches : research and argumentation . “Research” refers to scholarly works intended to explain facts and events . “Argumentation” refers to scholarly dialogues about what-to-do ideas and actual policies concerning government ,policy and management.Contributions to these dialogues often resolve,reformulate,or incite doctrinal controversies. How do you understand program design and operation? Programs are packages of activity intended to “create public value”by addressing problems in such areas as health,criminal justice, education, employment, and economic development. Program design involves the crafting of institutional roles and frameworks through which policy tools are defined. What do you think of the public management policy according to the author? Although the idea of NPM has promoted international scholarly discussion of public management , neither research nor doctrinal and policy argumentation on this subject are wholly satisfactory as yet. What do you think of policy and doctrinal argumentation? Public management policies are authoritative means intended to guide, constrain, and motivate the public serice as a whole. Can you illustrate category of public management in a figure ? The immediate targets of public management policy habe included procedures for staffing the public service, planning organizational activity,buying supplies from industry, disbursing public funds, changing organizational structures, and communicating with the public and legislature. Why should we take s