中级微观经济学-第五章.ppt

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IncomeandSubstitutionEffectsChapter5

DemandFunctionsTheoptimallevelsofx1,x2,…,xncanbeexpressedasfunctionsofallpricesandincomeThesecanbeexpressedasndemandfunctionsoftheform:x1*=d1(p1,p2,…,pn,I)x2*=d2(p1,p2,…,pn,I)???xn*=dn(p1,p2,…,pn,I)

DemandFunctionsIfthereareonlytwogoods(xandy),wecansimplifythenotationx*=x(px,py,I)y*=y(px,py,I)Pricesandincomeareexogenoustheindividualhasnocontrolovertheseparameters

HomogeneityIfallpricesandincomeweredoubled,theoptimalquantitiesdemandedwillnotchangethebudgetconstraintisunchangedxi*=xi(p1,p2,…,pn,I)=xi(tp1,tp2,…,tpn,tI)Individualdemandfunctionsarehomogeneousofdegreezeroinallpricesandincome

HomogeneityWithaCobb-Douglasutilityfunctionutility=U(x,y)=x0.3y0.7thedemandfunctionsareAdoublingofbothpricesandincomewouldleavex*andy*unaffected

HomogeneityWithaCESutilityfunctionutility=U(x,y)=x0.5+y0.5thedemandfunctionsareAdoublingofbothpricesandincomewouldleavex*andy*unaffected

ChangesinIncomeAnincreaseinincomewillcausethebudgetconstraintoutinaparallelfashionSincepx/pydoesnotchange,theMRSwillstayconstantastheworkermovestohigherlevelsofsatisfaction

NormalandInferiorGoodsAgoodxiforwhich?xi/?I?0oversomerangeofincomeisanormalgoodinthatrangeAgoodxiforwhich?xi/?I0oversomerangeofincomeisaninferiorgoodinthatrange

IncreaseinIncomeIfbothxandyincreaseasincomerises,xandyarenormalgoodsQuantityofxQuantityofyCU3BU2AU1Asincomerises,theindividualchoosestoconsumemorexandy

IncreaseinIncomeIfxdecreasesasincomerises,xisaninferiorgoodQuantityofxQuantityofyCU3Asincomerises,theindividualchoosestoconsumelessxandmoreyNotethattheindifferencecurvesdonothavetobe“oddly”shaped.TheassumptionofadiminishingMRSisobeyed.BU2AU1

ChangesinaGood’sPriceAchangeinthepriceofagoodal

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