2023年上海交通大学考博英语试题回忆.docx

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2023年上海交通大学考博英语试题回忆.docx

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2023年上海交通大学博士入学测试英语试题回忆

阅读理解PassageOne

Rentcontrolisthesystemwherebythelocalgovernmenttellsbuildingownershowmuchtheycanchargetheirtenantsinrent.IntheUnitedStates,rentcontrolsdatebacktoatleastWorldWarII.

In1943thefederalgovernmentimposedrentcontrolstohelpsolvetheproblemofhousingshortagesduringwartime.Thefederalprogramendedafterthewar,butinsomelocations,includingNewYorkCity,controlscontinued.UnderNewYorkscontrols,alandlordgenerallycannotraiserentsonapartmentsaslongasthetenantscontinuetorenewtheirleases.InplacessuchasSantaMonica,California,rentcontrolsaremorerecent.Theywerespurredbytheinflationofthe1970s,which,combinedwithCaliforniasrapidpopulationgrowth,pushedhousingprices,aswellasrents,torecordlevels.In1979SantaMonicasmunicipalgovernmentorderedlandlordstorollbacktheirrentstothelevelschargedin1978.Futurerentscouldonlygoupbytwo-thirdsasmuchasanyincreaseintheoverallpricelevel.

Inanyhousingmarket,rentalpricesperformthreefunctions:(1)promotingtheefficientmaintenanceofexistinghousingandstimulatingtheconstructionofnewhousing,(2)allocatingexistingscarcehousingamongcompetingclaimants,and(3)rationinguseofexistinghousingbypotentialrenters.

Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrentalunits.Rentcontrolshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdeterminantofprofitability—rents.Considersomeexamples.InarecentyearinDallas,Texas,witha16percentrentalvacancyratebutnorentcontrollaws,11,000newhousingunitswerebuilt.Inthesameyear,inSanFrancisco,California,only2,000unitswerebuilt.Themajordifference?SanFranciscohasonlya1.6percentvacancyratebutstringentrentcontrollaws.InNewYorkCity,exceptforgovernment-subsidizedconstruction,theonlyrentalunitsbeingbuiltare