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Epigenetics
ClassicalGenetics:TheCentralDogmaIntroductiontoEpigenetics
TheHumanGenomeProject(HGP)Keyfindings:approx.24,000genesinhumanbeingallhumanracesare99.99%alikeChallenges:about24,000genesvs.100,000proteinsnon-coding(98%)vs.codingDNA(2%)genotypevs.phenotypeIntroductiontoEpigenetics
Theymaylookthesame,butarethey?Position-effectvariegationParamutationatthemaizeEpigeneticbiologyIntroductiontoEpigenetics
Epigeneticdifferencesariseduringthelifetimeofmonozygotictwins5mCAcH4AcH3PNAS,July26,2005,Vol.102IntroductiontoEpigenetics
EpigeneticsDefinition:Thestudyofanypotentiallystableand,ideally,heritablechangeingeneexpressionorcellularphenotypethatoccurswithoutchangesinWatson-Crickbase-pairingofDNA.Oneexample:cellulardifferentiation/developmenttotipotentstemcellsbecomethevariouspluripotentcelllinesoftheembryowhichinturnbecomefullydifferentiatedcellsIntroductiontoEpigenetics
Change:Geneticsvs.EpigeneticsIntroductiontoEpigenetics
1938,HermannMullerfirstdescribedthePosition-effectvariegation1942,ConradWaddingtondefinedepigeneticsas“thebranchofbiologywhichstudiesthecausalinteractionsbetweengenesandtheirproducts,whichbringthephenotypeintobeing”1950s,R.BrinkdiscoveredParamutationinmaize1961,MaryLyonproposedtherandominactivationofonefemaleXchromosometoexplainthemottledphenotypeoffemalemiceheterozygousforcoatcolorgenes1983,discoveredtheDNAmethylation……BriefHistoryofEpigeneticsIntroductiontoEpigenetics
EpigeneticsEventsparamutationbookmarkingimprintinggenesilencingXchromosomeinactivationpositioneffectreprogrammingtransvectionmaternaleffectsIntroductiontoEpigenetics
EpigeneticResearch:techniquesChIP;ChIP-on-chip;ChIP-seqfluorescentinsituhybridizationmethylation-sensitiverestrictionenzymes HpaII(CCGG)andMspI(CCGG)DNAadeninemethyltransferaseidentification(DamID)
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