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ChangesintheArctic:
BackgroundandIssuesforCongress
UpdatedJuly30,2024
CongressionalResearchService
R41153
ChangesintheArctic:BackgroundandIssuesforCongress
Summary
ThediminishmentofArcticseaicehasledtoincreasedhumanactivitiesintheArctic,andhas
heightenedinterestin,andconcernsabout,theregion’sfuture.TheUnitedStates,byvirtueof
Alaska,isanArcticcountryandhassubstantialinterestsintheregion.ThesevenotherArctic
statesareRussia,Canada,Iceland,Denmark(byvirtueofGreenland),Norway,Sweden,and
Finland.TheArcticResearchandPolicyAct(ARPA)of1984(TitleIofP.L.98-373ofJuly31,
1984)“provide[s]foracomprehensivenationalpolicydealingwithnationalresearchneedsand
objectivesintheArctic.”TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)istheleadfederalagencyfor
implementingArcticresearchpolicy.TheArcticCouncil,createdin1996,istheleading
internationalforumforaddressingissuesrelatingtotheArctic.TheUnitedNationsConvention
ontheLawoftheSea(UNCLOS)setsforthacomprehensiveregimeoflawandorderinthe
world’soceans,includingtheArcticOcean.TheUnitedStatesisnotapartytoUNCLOS.
AnarrayofclimatechangesintheArcticisnowdocumentedbyobservingsystems,withmore
expectedwithfuturegreenhousegas-drivenclimatechange.Observedphysicalchangesinthe
Arcticincludewarmingocean,soil,andairtemperatures;meltingpermafrost;shiftingvegetation
andanimalabundances;andalteredcharacteristicsofArcticcyclones.Amonitoringreportofthe
ArcticCouncilconcludedin2019that“theArcticbiophysicalsystemisnowclearlytrending
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