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托福阅读tpo47R-3CoralReefs
原文1
译文4
题目5
答案14
背景知识15
原文
CoralReefs
①Animportantenvironmentthatismoreorlesstotallyrestrictedtothe
intertropicalzoneisthecoralreef.Coralreefsarefoundwherethe
oceanwatertemperatureisnotlessthan21°C,wherethereisafirm
substratum,andwheretheseawaterisnotrenderedtoodarkby
excessiveamountsofriver-bornesediment.Theywillnotgrowinvery
deepwater,soaplatformwithin30to40metersofthesurfaceisa
necessaryprerequisitefortheirdevelopment.Theirphysicalstructureis
dominatedbytheskeletonsofcorals,whicharecarnivorousanimals
livingoffzooplankton.However,inadditiontocoralsthereare
enormousquantitiesofalgae,somecalcareous,whichhelptobuildthe
reefs.Thesizeofreefsisvariable.Someatollsareverylarge—Kwajelein
intheMarshallIslandsoftheSouthPacificis120kilometerslongandas
1
muchas24kilometersacross-butmostareverymuchsmaller,andrise
onlyafewmetersabovethewater.The2,000kilometercomplexof
reefsknownastheGreatBarrierReef,whichformsagiganticnatural
breakwateroffthenortheastcoastofAustralia,isbyfarthegreatest
coralstructureonEarth.
②Coralreefshavefascinatedscientistsforalmost200years,andsome
ofthemostpertinentobservationsofthemweremadeinthe1830sby
CharlesDarwinonthevoyageoftheBeagle.Herecognizedthatthere
werethreemajorkinds:fringingreefs,barrierreefs,andatolls;andhe
sawthattheywererelatedtoeachotherinalogicalandgradational
sequence.Afringingreefisonethatliesclosetotheshoreofsome
continentorisland.Itssurfaceformsanunevenandratherrough
platformaroundthecoast,abouttheleveloflowwater,anditsouter
edgeslopesdownwardsintothesea.Betweenthefringingreefandthe
landthere
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