礼貌原则近年原文.ppt

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PolitenessPrincipleI

1.Approachestopoliteness:areview

BeforeLeech,therearetwomainapproachestopoliteness.FirstlyLakoffseesGrice’srulesasessentiallyrulesofclarity,andproposesthattherearetwopriorrulesofpragmaticcompetence:“BeClear”and“BePolite”.

Here,clarityamountstoacondensedversionoftheGriceanmaxims,whilepolitenessservestoavoidconflictsbetweenparticipants.Sheproposesherownthreerulesofpoliteness:

1)formality:don’timpose/remainaloof;2)hesitancy:givetheaddresseehisoptions;3)equality:actasthoughyouandtheaddresseewereequal/makehimfeelgood.

Secondly,theface-savingviewofpoliteness,proposedbyBrownandLevinson(1978)isrelatedtothefolkexpression“loseface”.Theysuggesttwokindsofface.

Whatisface?Face(Goffman1955,1967) ‘thepublicselfimage’orreputation,self-esteemofaperson...faceissomethingthatisemotionallyinvested,andthatcanbelost,maintained,orenhanced,andmustbeconstantlyattendedtoininteraction.Ingeneral,peoplecooperate(andassumeeachother’scooperation)inmaintainingfaceininteraction,suchascooperationbeingbasedonthemutualvulnerabilityofface.… (BrownandLevinson,1987:61)

Negativefaceisthewanttointeractwithoutbeingimpededbyothers.Itrepresentsthedesireforautonomy/independence.Positiveface,ontheotherhand,isrelatedtothewanttobeapprovedofbyotherpeople.Itisassociatedwithone’sdesireforapproval.Thepositiveconsistentself-imagethatpeoplehaveandwanttobeappreciatedandapprovedofbyatleastsomeotherpeople.

Facethreateningacts(FTAs)Actslikepromises,apologies,expressingthanks,evennon-verbalactssuchasstumbling,fallingdown,areconsideredtothreatenprimarilythespeaker’sface,whereaswarnings,criticisms,orders,

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