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语法与阅读学后测
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。(共26分，每小题2分)
C
Imaginethatyourfriendiscuttingthecaketosharewithalltheguestsatthe
birthdayparty.Thefirstthreeguestsarehandedlargepiecesofcake,whileyouarehandedateeny-tinyone.Howwouldyoufeel?Isthisfair?Mostofushaveaclearsenseofwhatisfairandwhatisnot,butwheredoesthiscomefrom?Scientiststrytostudyfairnessinprimatespecies(灵长类物种)tounderstandhowfairnesscameabout.
Fairnessofteninvolvesequaloutcomes(平等的结果)
Domonkeysbehaveinwaysthatleadtoequaloutcomes?Tofindout,scientistsgivemonkeyschoicesabouthowtosharefood.Scientistsaskamonkeytochoosebetweentwooptions—toprovideapieceoffoodjustforthemselves,ortoprovidefoodforanothermonkeynearby,aswellasforthemselves(Figure1).Ifmonkeysaretryingtoachieveequaloutcomes,theywouldgivefoodtoboththemselvesandanother.Dothey?Sometimes.
Theleftmonkeyhasjustchosentheboardtogivefoodtohimselfandtheneighboringmonkey.
Theleftmonkeyhasjustchosentheboardthatprovidesfoodforhimselfonly.
(Figure1)
Whethermonkeysfavorequaloutcomesseemstodependonspecies.Thespecieswhichliveingroupswillpreferequaloutcomes,butnotallthetime.
Whatelsemightbeinfluencingwhethermonkeyscreateequaloutcomes?Ifthetwomonkeysarefriends,oneismorelikelytosharefoodwiththeother.Italsoseemsthatmonkeyswouldmaketheequalchoicewhentheycannotseetheactualfood—somescientistsusepicturesoffood.
Butwait,doeseffortmatter?
Scientistshavedevelopedawaytotestwhethermonkeysprefereveryonetobepaidequallyfordoingthesamework.Inthisstudy,monkeysaretrainedtoworkforfoodbyexchangingsmallcoinswithascientist.Todetermineifandhowmonkeysrespondtounfairness,scientistshavetwomonkeystaketurnsexchangingcoinsandgivethemdifferentfood—theirfavoritefoodoraless-p
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