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I.Shortanswerquestions:(30points)
a.Background
??Industrialrevolution+rapidurbanization
Sampleprogramsandpractices
??Sundayschool
??Temperanceandteetotalism
??YMCA(1844inLondon,1851inNewYork)
b.Seriousleisureisthesystematicpursuitofanamateur,hobbyist,orvolunteeractivitythatparticipantsfindsosubstantialandinterestingthat,inthetypicalcase,theylaunchthemselvesonacareercenteredonacquiringandexpressingitsspecialskills,knowledge,andexperience
Forexamples:Golfclub、tourismclub、bicycleclub。
Casualleisure--relativelyshortlived,pleasurableactivityrequiringrelativelylittleornospecialtrainingtoenjoyit.Itisconsiderablylesssubstantialandoffersnocareerofthesortdescribedforseriousleisure
Someexamples:television,books,music。
C．Peopleseekneitheranabsencenoranexcessofstimulation,butanoptimallevelofstimulation.Whatconstitutestheoptimallevelvariesfrompersontopersonandfromtimetotime.Forexamples:
Rollercoasterrides,bungeejumping,skydiving.
d.
Whypeopledowhattheydo?Becausetheseactivitiesareintrinsicallyrewarding.Weengageinanactivityforitsownsake,thatisobservableevenamongyoungchildrenandanimals
Freedomofchoice--theprerequisite
Donefortheownsake/voluntarilychosen/self-determined
IntrinsicrewardsSelf-fulfillment,competence-elevating,socialexperiencesconstitutetheessenceofintrinsicallymotivatedleisure
Personalrewards
??Perceivedcompetence–themostimportant
??Asenseofcompetenceandchallengeinleisurematchedtoresultinoptimalexperiences
??Weavoidunder-andover-challengingsituationsbecausetheycanleadtoanxietyorboredom–thenotionofflow
?Interpersonalrewards
??Engaginginleisureactivitiesforsocialcontactandsocialsupport
Thoseself-determined,competence
-elevating,socialexperiencesconstitutetheessenceofintrinsicallymotivated
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