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矩阵分析课件 Matrix Canonical Form.ppt

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Leture5:JordanCanonicalFormMatrixAnalysis

Thedefectivematricesarenotdiagonalizable,ForexampleButthesedefectivematricescanbesimilartosomeuppertriangularmatriceswhoseformisveryclosetoadiagonalmatrix.ThisformisJordancanonicalform(orJordannormalform).Jordancanonicalformisveryusefultounderstandthematrixstructuresandmatrixfunctions.

BeforeintroduceJordancanonicalform,weneedtounderstandtheconceptsofminimalpolynomialsandinvariantsubspaces.5.1MinimalPolynomialsTheorem5.1.1.LetA∈Mn.ThenthereexistsauniquemonicannihilatepolynomialqA(x)ofminimumdegree.Ifp(x)isanyannihilatepolynomial,thenqA(x)dividesp(x).[remarks:ifp(A)=0,thenp(x)iscalledanannihilatepolynomialofA.“monic”meansthehighestordercoefficientofapolynomialis“1”]Proof.FormatrixA,thecharacteristicpolynomialpA(x)isanannihilatepolynomial,thatispA(A)=0,assumeqA(x)isaminimaldegreeannihilatepolynomialwhichismonic,thenqA(A)=0.bytheEuclideanalgorithm

Hencer(A)=0,andbytheminimalityassumptionr(x)≡0.ThusqA(x)dividespA(x)andalsoanypolynomialforwhichp(A)=0.ToestablishthatqA(x)isunique,supposeq(x)isanothermonicpolynomialofthesamedegreeforwhichq(A)=0.ThenisapolynomialofdegreelessthanqA(x)forwhichr(A)=q(A)?qA(A)=0.Thiscannotbetrue.

Definition5.1.1.ThepolynomialqA(x)inthetheoremaboveiscalledtheminimalpolynomial.Corollary5.1.1.IfA,B∈Mnaresimilar,thentheyhavethesameminimalpolynomial.Proof.IfthereisaminimalpolynomialforBofsmallerdegree,sayqB(x),thenqB(A)=0bythesameargument.ThiscontradictstheminimalityofqA(x).

Corollary5.1.2.FortheminimalpolynomialqA(x),Proof.FromCorollary5.1.2,ifthentheminimalpolynomialqA(t)hastheform

5.2InvariantsubspacesWehaveconsideredthesubspacesVofCnthatareinvariantunderthematri

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