《医学微生物学》传染病的诊断和预防-教学课件（非AI生成）.ppt

DiagnosisandpreventionofinfectiousdiseasesMedicalMicrobiology*Part1:Thediagosisofinfectiousdiseases(bacteriaandviruses)Part2:Thepreventionofinfectiousdiseases(bacteriaandviruses)*Thegeneralproceduresfordiagnosis鲎（hou,四声）*ThegeneralprincipalsofdiagnosisKeepthelabsafeSamplesAsearlyaspossible,asquicklyaspossibleAsepticFromtherightsitesofinfectionSerum:doublesamples(earlyphaseandrecoveryphase)Diagnosis:asearlyaspossible*Diagnosisforbacterialinfection*Diagnosisforvirusesinfection*ThepreventionofinfectionDisinfectionSterilizationImmunization*Disinfection（消毒）:killingthepathogen,butnotallsporesandnon-pathogenmicroorganismSterilization（灭菌）:killingallmicroorganism,pathogen,non-pathogen,sporesAsepsis（无菌）:theresultofsterilization;AseptictechniqueBacteriostasis（抑菌）:suppressthebacteriainvitroorinvivoAntisepsis(防腐):suppressthebacteriainvitroSanitation(卫生处理)：reducethepathogenstominimum*Physicalsterilization*ChemicalDisinfection*Thepreventionofinfection特异性免疫获得方式主动免疫自然主动免疫：患病、隐性感染。人工主动免疫；接种菌苗、类毒素等。被动免疫自然被动免疫：通过胎盘、初乳。人工被动免疫:注射抗毒素、丙种球蛋白、细胞因子等。*Commonreagentsforprevention:vaccineandtoxoidvaccineexamplesadvantagesdisadvantagesKilledorinactivatedvaccinetyphoid,cholera,rabies,measles,influenzaSafeLongshelf-lifeMultiplevaccineLargedosageHumoralimmunityonlyAttenuatedlivevaccinepolio,influenza,measlesSmalldosageLonglastimmunityHumoralcellularImmunityUnstable,shortshelf-lifeInfection-likesideeffectRecombinantcarriervaccineUnderstudy:HAV,HBVSubunitvaccinerHBSAgReduceendotoxinReducereversiblemutationLessimmunityNucleicacidvaccineUnderstudy:HIVCellularandhumoralimmunitySafety-cancer?*Toxoid（类毒素）exotoxin0.3%-0.4%formalintoxoidtoxicityimmunogenimmunogenExample:百日咳，白喉；破伤风类毒素（DPT，白百破三联疫苗）*ArtificialpassiveimmunityAntitoxinAntiseraimmuno