权利和话轮转换----语用文体学.pptVIP

权利和话轮转换

PowerandTurn-taking;权力关系和人物之间的话轮转换关系十分密切。

;;Turn-takingandliterarylanguageTurn-takingisatopicextensivelystudiedbyscholarssuchasHarveySacksandEmanuelSchegolff.Theirworksinthisareaarefoundtobeextremelyusefulforanalyzingeverydayconversationsaswellasconversationinliterature.

Itisobservedthatanimportantfeatureofconversationisthatthespeakerandthelistenerconstantlychangetheirroles.Inotherwords,theparticipantsinaconversationtaketurnsinspeaking.一般认为，话轮转换是指发话者与受话者不断交换所扮演的角色而形成的，即“发话者(speaker)变为受话者(listener)，受话者变为发话者“。;Itisobservedthatanimportantfeatureofconversationisthatthespeakerandthelistenerconstantlychangetheirroles.Inotherwords,theparticipantsinaconversationtaketurnsinspeaking.Sacksfindsthataconversationisastringofatleasttwoturns.Someturnsaremorecloselyrelatedthanothersandhesinglesoutaclassofsequencesofturnswhichhecalls―adjacencypairs‖witheitheratwo-partstructureorathree-partstructure.Short(1996:206-207)pointsoutthatturn-takingpatternsanddeviationsfromrelevantturn-takingnormscanbecomeeasilymeaningfulinliterarytexts.Healsopointsoutthat―patternsofturn-takinghavecleargeneralconnectionswithconversationalpower‖.Hebelievesthat―allotherthingsbeingequal,powerfulspeakersinconversationhavethemostturns,havethelongestturns,initiateconversationalexchanges,controlwhatistalkedabout,whotalkswhen,andinterruptothers.;话轮转换的两个特点为：第一，在一个时间里至少而且只能有一个人说话；第二，发话者不断轮流变化。

话轮可以由不同的语言单位构成。在英语中，词，短语，从句，句子组合等都可以充当话轮。Sacks举了下面这个例子来说明：;A:WaslastnightthefirsttimeyoumeetMissKelly?

B:Metwhom?

A:MissKelly.

B:Yes.;话轮分析框架可以大体由五个方面构成：

1)话题的提出和控制〔initiationandcontroloftopics〕；

2〕话轮长度〔turnlength〕；

3〕话轮类型〔turn-type〕；

4〕话语打断〔interruption〕；

5〕话轮控制策略〔turn-controlstrategies〕。;;1.STEPHEN:What’sthematter?

2.LADYBRITOMART:Presently,Stephen.

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