4管理学(双语)课件.pptx

charpt4FoundationsofDecisionMakingDecision-making

·Decision-makingprocess

-Asetofeightstepsthatincludesidentifyinga

problem,selectingasolution,andevaluating

theeffectivenessofthesolution

·Problem

-Adiscrepancybetweenanexistingandadesiredstateofaffairs

·Decisioncriteria

—Factorsthatarerelevantinadecision

ExamplesofPlanning-FunctionDecisions

Whataretheorganization’slong-termobjectives?

Whatstrategieswillbestachievethoseobjectives?

Whatshouldtheorganization’sshort-termobjectives

be?

Whatisthemostefficientmeansofcompletingtasks?

Whatmightthecompetitionbeconsidering?

■Whatbudgetsareneededtocompletedepartmenttasks?

■Howdifficultshouldindividualgoalsbe?

ldentfication

ldentfication

Alocation

Development

Analysis

Selection

Implementation

ofa

ofdecision

ofweights

of

of

ofan

ofthe

problem

criteria

tocriteria

alternatives

altermatives

alternative

aternative

TheDecision-MakingProcess

Evaluation

of

decision

effectiveness

Decision-making

·Decisionimplementation

-Puttingadecisionintoaction;includes

conveyingthedecisiontothepersonswhowillbeaffectedbyitandgettingtheir

commitmenttoit.

MakingDecisions:TheRationalModel

Certainty

-Theimplicationthattheoutcomeofeverypossiblealternativeisknown.

Uncertainty

—Aconditionunderwhichthereisnotfull

·Risk

-Theprobabilitythataparticularoutcomewillresultfromagivendecision.

knowledgeoftheproblemandreasonable

probabilitiesforalternativeoutcomescannot

bedetermined.

·

·

Theproblem

Asingle,

Allalternatives

Preferences

Preferences

Notimeor

Finalchoice

isclearand

welldefined

and

areclear

areconstant

costconstraints

willmaximize

unambiguouS

goalistobeachieved

consequencesareknown

andstable

exist

economicpayoff

AssumptionsofRationality

Leadto

RatlonalDeclslonMaklng

WhatIsCreativePotential?

Expertise

-Understanding,abilities,