经验性抗感染治疗课件.ppt

经验性抗感染治疗药物选择的基本原则与临床实践

抗感染药物发展简史1929AlexanderFleming发现青霉素HowardFlorey和ErnstChain分离获得青霉素，用于动物试验。青霉素首次用于救治战伤患者，拯救了许多人的生命1950’s大量抗生素用于临床。AposterfromWorldWarII,dramaticallyshowingthevirtuesofthenewmiracledrug,andrepresentingthehighlevelofmotivationinthecountrytoaidthehealthofthesoldiersatwar.

DiscoveryofAntibacterialAgentsCycloserineErythromycinEthionamideIsoniazidMetronidazolePyrazinamideRifamycinTrimethoprimVancomycinVirginiamycinImipene195019601970198019902000PenicillinProntosilCephalosporinCEthambutolFusidicacidMupirocinNalidixicacidOxazolidinonesCecropinFluoroquinolonesNeweraminoglycosidesSemi-syntheticpenicillinscephalosporinsNewercarbapenemsTrinemsSyntheticapproachesEmpiricscreeningNewermacrolidesketolidesRifampicinRifapentineSemi-syntheticglycopeptidesSemi-syntheticstreptograminsNeomycinPolymixinStreptomycinThiacetazoneChlortetracyclineGlycylcyclinesMinocyclineChloramphenicol

“Closethebookoninfectiousdisease”“Infectiousdiseasewillbewithusfortheforeseeablefuture”USSurgeonGeneralWilliamStewart,1969HarvardMedicalSchoolMaryWilson,1998

抗生素时代感染仍是

人类健康的重要威胁IIIIIIII

新出现或“再出现”的感染性疾病

emergingandre-emerginginfectiousdiseases新病原体不断出现-HIV/AIDS、Ebola、Hantavirus 新型肝炎、新型克－雅病（疯牛病）肠杆菌O157、霍乱O139 环孢子菌病、隐孢子菌病、人类Ehrlichosis…老病卷土重来-肺结核、疟疾、鼠疫、霍乱、黄热病、登革热 和登革出血热…免疫缺陷人群不断增加-机会性真菌和呼吸道病毒性肺炎…细菌耐药愈演愈烈－PRSP、MRSP、MRSA/MRSE、VRE、VISA/VERA…－ESBL、ampC、SSBL、金属酶….－MDR结核菌…美国因细菌耐药增加医疗费用超过40亿美元!!

临床关注的耐药问题

ResistancesofClinicalConcerns革兰阳性细菌金匍菌–MRSA,VISA,VRSAVRE(地理上差别)肺炎链球菌–青霉素和喹诺酮耐药革兰阴性细菌肠杆菌科－ESBLs喹诺酮,头孢菌素,青霉素类,氨基糖苷类碳青霉烯类非发酵菌(假单孢菌+/-不动杆菌)喹诺酮,头孢菌素,青霉素类,氨基糖苷类,碳青霉烯类

ResistantbacteriaMutationsXXAntibioticresistance:geneticeventsSusceptiblebacteriaResistantbacteriaGenetransfer

ResistantStrains

RarexxResistantStrainsDominantAntimicrobialExposurexxxxxxxxxxSelectionforAntimicrobial-Res