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**微生物个体微小,对外界环境很敏感,抗逆性较差,很容易受到各种不良外界环境的影响;另外,微生物的结构简单,缺乏免疫监控系统,很容易变异。微生物的遗传不稳定性,在自然条件下,微生物的自发突变频率为10-6左右。微生物的遗传稳定性差,利与弊(菌种保藏,微生物菌种培育)。*Microorganismscanbefoundalmostanywhere***Asscientists,weshowatypicalhumanpenchantfortryingtoorganizeandcategorizethings.Weextendthishabiteventothemicrobeswhichsurroundus.Presently,westilluseamicrobialclassificationschemewhichisverytraditionalanddividesthemicroorganismsintofivemajortaxonomicgroups.Themostrecentsuggestionsdividetheolder“bacteria”groupintotwodomains(ataxonomiclevelhigherthanakingdom)thebacteriaandArchaea,whileassigningthealgae,fungi,andprotozoatobepartofthedomainEucarya,thevirusesandsomeoftheirbiologicalrelatives,previouslyneverallowedshelterwithinanykingdom,couldfitintotheproposeddomainAkamara.However,fromtheviewpointofenvironmentalmicrobiology,themostimportantaspectisourincreasingunderstandingthatwithinecosystemsthesegroupsofmicroorganismsnaturallyorganizeamongthemselvesastheygoabouttheirinteractionsbothwithoneanotherandwiththemicroorganisms**cryostorage**EMisthestudyofmicroorganismswhichexistinnaturalorartificialenvironments.Environmentalmicrobiologyisthestudyofthecompositionandphysiologyofmicrobialcommunitiesintheenvironment.Theenvironmentinthiscasemeansthesoil,water,airandsedimentscoveringtheplanetandcanalsoincludetheanimalsandplantsthatinhabittheseareas.Environmentalmicrobiologyalsoincludesthestudyofmicroorganismsthatexistinartificialenvironmentssuchasbioreactors.*ThewordisfromtheLatinvirusreferringtopoisonandothernoxioussubstances,firstusedinEnglishin1392.[9]Virulent,fromLatinvirulentus(poisonous),datesto1400.[10]Ameaningofagentthatcausesinfectiousdiseaseisfirstrecordedin1728,[9]beforethediscoveryofvirusesbyDmitryIvanovsky
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