风景园林英语Unit 2 Lecture 4.ppt

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风景园林英语Unit 2 Lecture 4.ppt

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EnglishforLandscapeArchitecture

Unit2LandscapearchitectureandnatureSection4Reasearchtask

CollectingdataDatacollectionisoneofthemostimportantstagesinconductingresearch.Accurateandsystematicdatacollectioniscriticaltoconductingscientificresearch.

Therearemanymethodstocollectdata,dependingontheresearchdesignandthemethodologiesemployed.Someofthecommonmethodsarequestionnaire,interviewandobservation.

HowtodesignaquestionnaireAquestionnaireisdesignedbothfordescriptiveandanalyticalsurveys.Inadescriptivesurvey,thequestionnairewillnormallyusenominalandordinalscales.

Ratingscaleisalwaysusedtomeasuretheattitudeoropinionoftherespondentsinananalyticalsurvey.ThemostpopularoneisLikertscale.Usuallyyouwouldusea1-5ratingscalewhere:1=stronglydisagree;2=somewhatdisagree;3=undecided;4=somewhatagree;5=stronglyagree

Payattentiontothefollowingissues:Aretheinstructionsclearandunambiguous?Canthequestionsbeunderstood?Aretheyfreefromjargon,terminology,unsuitableassumptionandambiguity?

Dotherespondentshaverequiredknowledgetoanswerthequestions?Dothequestionsappearoffensiveorembarrassingtotherespondents?Dothequestionsleadtherespondentstoparticularanswers?

HowtoconductaninterviewSinceaninterviewinvolvesbi-directionalcommunication,therearecertainrulesandguidelinestobefollowed:Askonequestionatatime.Attempttoremainasneutralaspossible.?Don’tshowstrongemotionalreactionstotheresponsesoftheinterviewee.

Verifyunderstandingthroughraisingandconfirmingquestions.Lettheintervieweedomostofthetalking.Maintaincontroloverthesubjectmatter.

HowtoconductobservationTherearegenerallytwowaysofconductingobservation,namelynon-participantobservationandparticipantobservation.Theresearcherinnon-participantobservationdoesnotinvolveinthesubjectbeingstudie