风景园林英语Unit 6 Lecture 4.ppt

Unit6Aestheticelementsoflandscape

Section4Reasearchtask

QuotationanddocumentationWhenwritinganacademicpaper,wealmostalwaysneedtoborrowideas,statistics,andpreviousresearchfindingstostrengthenourownideas,toexplainourownarguments,andtosupportourownevidence.Suchpracticenotonlyprovidesabasisforourarguments,butalsofitsourresearchintoalargerpictureofaparticularfieldofresearch.

1.QuotationQuotationsrefertothewordsorsentencesfromanotherinformationsourceusedwithinanacademicpaper.Quotationsmaybeeitherdirect(verbatim)orindirect(paraphrased).

DirectquotationAdirectquotationisexactlythesameastheoriginalmaterialandmustbeputinquotationmarks.

1)WhentouseadirectquotationWhentheoriginalwordingexpressestheideasopreciselyandsuccinctlythatyoucannotimproveonit;Whenthequotationcomesfromanauthorityinaparticularfieldandcanstrengthenyourarguments;Whenyouneedtoborrowaspecialtermorexpressionthatisaparticularauthorsinventionandcarriesspecialmeaning;Whenyouneedtheoriginalwordingforfurtherdiscussion.

2)Theformatofadirectquotation(1)Run-inquotation:Itisusedwhenthequotationisfewerthanfourtypedlinesorabout40words.Andthequotationshouldrunintothetextandbeenclosedindoublequotationmarks.

(2)Set-offquotation:Itisusedwhenthequotationismorethanfourtypedlines.Setoffthelongquotationinanindentedblock-styleparagraph,putitinitalics,andencloseitindoublequotationmarks.

IndirectquotationAnindirectquotationparaphrasesandsummarizestheopinionthatyougetfromthesourcesinadifferentandusuallysimpleway.

1)WhentouseanindirectquotationElaboratingtheoriginalideaforbetterunderstanding;Emphasizingdifferentaspectsoftheoriginalmaterial;Modifyingthetoneandstyleoftheoriginalmaterialtofitintothecontextofthepaper.

2)Theformatof