语言学Pragmatics语用学.pptVIP

Pragmatics

Preview:添加标题Invisiblemeaning(隐含意义)添加标题Context(语境)添加标题Deixis(指示语)添加标题Reference(指称)添加标题Anaphora(照应)添加标题Presupposition(预设)添加标题Speechacts(言语行为)添加标题Politeness(礼貌原则)

Pragmatics：Itreferstothestudyof“intendedspeakermeaning”.

Invisiblemeaning

隐含意义

Inorderforustorecognizetheinvisiblemeaning,thewritersmustbeabletodependonalotofsharedassumptionsandexpectations.Then,weusethemeaningofthewords,incombination,andthecontextinwhichtheyoccur,andwetrytoarrivedatwhatthewriterofthesignintendedhismessagetoconvey.

Context

语境

Therearedifferentkindsofcontext.Onekindisdescribedaslinguisticcontext,alsoknownasco-text.Moregenerally,weknowhowtointerpretwordsonthebasisofphysicalcontext.

Co-textTheco-textofawordisthesetofotherwordsusedinthesamephraseorsentence.Thesurroundingco-texthasastrongeffectonwhatwethinkthewordmeans.

BankIneedtogotothebanktowithdrawsomecash.It’sonthenorthbankoftheThames.Thegirlsrandownthesteepgrassybank.Hehasabankofknowledge.thesideofariver,canal,etc.andthelandnearitanorganizationthatprovidesvariousfinancialservicesanamountofsththatiscollected;aplacewheresthisstoredreadyforusearaisedareaofgroundthatslopesatthesides,oftenattheedgeofsthordividingsth

PhysicalcontextOurunderstandingofmuchofwhatwereadandhearistiedtothephysicalcontext,particularlythetimeandplace,inwhichweencounterlinguisticexpressions.

Deixis

指示语

添加标题添加标题添加标题Persondeixis:it,this,me,you,him,them,etc.Spatialdeixis:here,there,nearthat,etc.Temporaldeixis:now,then,tonight,lastweek,etc.

You’llhavetobringitbacktomorrowbecausesheisn’theretoday.PersondeixisPersondeixisPersondeixisTemporaldeixisTemporaldeixisSpatialdeixis

Allthedeicticexpressionshavetobeinterpretedinterm