托福听力速记符号.pptVIP

1.AbbreviationsA:Symbolshelpfulinmath--thesearecommonlyusedintextsandreferences.

S??=??sum

f??=??frequencyB:Leaveoutperiodsinstandardabbreviations.

cf??=??compare

e.g.??=??example

C:Useonlythefirstsyllableofaword.

pol??=??politics

dem??=??democracy

lib??=??liberal

cap??=??capitalismD:Useentirefirstsyllableandonly1stletterof2ndsyllable.

pres??=??presentation

subj??=??subject

ind??=??individual

cons??=??conservative

E:Eliminatefinalletters.Usejustenoughofthewordtoformarecognizableabbreviation.

assoc??=??associate

biol??=??biology

info??=??information

ach??=??achievement

chem??=??chemistry

max??=??maximum

intro??=??introduction

conc??=??concentration

min??=??minimum

F:Omitvowels,retainonlyenoughconsonantstogivearecognizableskeletonoftheword.

ppd??=??prepared

prblm??=??problem

estmt??=??estimate

bkgd??=??background

gvt??=??governmentG:?Useanapostropheinplaceofletters.

amt??=??amount

contd??=??continued

govt??=??government

educatl??=??educational

H:Formthepluralofasymbolorabbreviatedwordbyaddings.

chpts??=??chapters

egs??=??examples

fs??=??frequencies

intros??=??introductions

??I:Usegtorepresentingendings.

ckg??=??checking

estg??=??establishing

decrg??=??decreasing

exptg??=??experimenting

J:Ifaterm,phrase,ornameiswrittenoutinfullduringthelecture,substituteinitialswhenevertheterm,phrase,ornameisusedagain.Forexample,CenterforAerospaceSciencesbecomesCASthereafter.K:Usesymbolsforcommonlyrecurringconnectiveortransitionalwords.

??=??and

w/??=??with

w/o??=??without

vs??=??against

L:Usetechnicalsymbolswhereapplicable.

zb??=??German,forexample

ibid??=??Latin,thesamework

o??=??degrees

H2O??=??water

M:Usegtorepresentingendings.Examples:

decrgdecreasing

ckgc