新标准大学英语（第二版）综合教程4（智慧版）南京师范大学编B4U6AR2.pptx

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2025-04-13 发布于中国
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新标准大学英语（第二版）综合教程4（智慧版）南京师范大学编B4U6AR2.pptx

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Contents;WarmingUp;WarmingUp;WarmingUp;WarmingUp;WarmingUp;WarmingUp;Text;Whyhistoriansdisagree

1Moststudentsareusuallyintroducedtothestudyofhistorybywayofafattextbookandbecomequicklyimmersedinavastseaofnames,dates,eventsandstatistics.Fromthisexperienceanumberofconclusionsseemobvious:Thestudyofhistoryisthestudyof“facts”aboutthepast;themore“facts”youknow,thebetteryouareasastudentofhistory.Theprofessionalhistorianissimplyonewhobringstogetheraverylargenumberof“facts”.Thereforestudentsoftenbecomeconfusedupondiscoveringthathistoriansoftendisagreesharplyevenwhentheyaredealingwiththesameevent.;2Theircommon-sensereactiontothisstateofaffairsistoconcludethatonehistorianisrightwhiletheotheriswrong.Andpresumably,historianswhoarewrongwillhavetheir“facts”wrong.Thisisseldomthecase,however.Historiansusuallyallarguereasonablyandpersuasively.And,the“facts”–thenames,dates,events,statistics–usuallyturnouttobecorrect.Moreover,theyoftenfindthatcontendinghistoriansmoreorlessagreeonthefacts;thatis,theyusemuchthesamedata.Theycometodifferentconclusionsbecausetheyviewthepastfromadifferentperspective.History,whichseemedtobeacut-and-driedmatterofmemorizing“facts”,nowbecomesamatterofchoosingonegoodinterpretationfromamongmany.Historicaltruthbecomesamatterofpersonalpreference.;3Tounderstandwhyhistoriansdisagree,studentsmustconsideraproblemtheyhavemoreorlesstakenforgranted.Theymustaskthemselveswhathistoryreallyis.

4Initsbroadestsense,historydenotesthewholeofthehumanpast.Morerestrictedisthenotionthathistoryistherecordedpast,thatis,thatpartofhumanlifewhichhasleftsomesortofrecordsuchasfolktales,artifacts,orwrittendocuments.Finally,historymaybedefinedasthatwhichhistorianswriteaboutth